Computer Fundemantal Darasi Na 1

Course: Computer Fundemantal.

Instructor: Salisu Abdurrazak Saheel

Topic (1): Introduction of computer fundemantal.

Kwamfuta ita ce "Electronic Machine" wanda ke karɓar bayanai, adanawa da processing data zuwa bayanai wato (Information) Kwamfuta tana iya aiki saboda akwai umarni a ƙwaƙwalwar da ke jagorantarta.

Akwai bangarori a Computer kamar haka; "Hardware & Software"

Sassan kwamfutar da zaka iya gani kuma ka taɓa su, kamar su keyboard, Monitor da Mouse ana kiran su "Hardware".  Umarnin da ke jagorantar kwamfuta ana kiran su "Software ko Computer program".

Bayanai waɗanda sune ainihin gaskiyar da ku masu amfani da computer kuka shigar a kwamfutar ana kiransu da "Inputs" (shigarwa) Wannan ya hada da;  Kalmomi, Lambobi, Sauti da Hotuna.  Lokacin da aka shigar da bayanai (Data) cikin kwamfutar, kwamfutar za ta sarrafa bayanan don samar da bayanai (Information) wanda yake fitowa. Misali; ka shigar da 2 + 2 a cikin kwamfutar a matsayin data, kwamfutar tana aiwatar da 2+2 din sakamakon zai kasance "4" wanda shine "Output" dinka.

Kwamfuta yawancin tanada rukuni ne zuwa nau'uka uku:

1.Supercomputer - wato itace: Kwamfuta mafi sauri, mafi girma, mafi iko da kuma tsada.

2.Mainframe Computer - Wannan ya ɗan fi ƙanƙanci da rashin ƙarfi bai kai SuperComputer ba,  amma kamar "SuperComputer" take wurin tsada (Itama tanada tsada).

3. Personal Computer (PC) - Wannan ita ce kwamfutar da yawancin mutane ke amfani da ita a rayuwar su ta yau da kullun.  Wannan kwamfutar ta fi ƙananan komputa, ba ta da ƙarfi kuma ba ta da tsada sosai kamar "SuperComputer" da  Mainframe Computer.  

Akwai ire-iren "Personal Computer" guda biyu.  "Macintosh" (Macs) da "PC-Compatibles" (PC).  Babban bambancin dake tsakanin su shine (Operating System) wato tsarin aiki da kuma "processor" da suke amfani da shi.  Wannan rukuni na kwamfuta yana da ƙarin nau'ikan kwamfutoci guda biyu.  Waɗannan su ne "Mobile Computer" wato komfutocin hannu da "Handheld Computer" Mafi mashahuri nau'in kwamfutar hannu (Mobile Computer) sune kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, (kuma kwamfutar hannu (Handheld Computer) ƙaramar PC ce da za ka iya riƙewa a hannunka.

Mafi muhimmanci da zaka fahimta shine; kowace computer batare da duba yanayin girmanta ba ko makamancin haka tanada "Input device" da "Output device" da kuma "System unit",

Zamani na farko: 1937 - 1946 - A 1937 "Dr. John V. Atanasoff da Clifford Berry" ne suka gina "Electronic Digital Computer" kwamfutar lantarki ta farko. A lokacin ana kiran kwamfutar da suna "Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) A cikin 1943 aka sake kirkirar wata kwamfutar da aka bata suna kwamfutar lantarki (Electronic computer) mai suna "Colossus" an kirkire ta ne don sojoji.  Sauran abubuwan ci gaba sun ci gaba har zuwa cikin 1946 komputa na farko da aka fara amfani da shi na zamani wanda aka kirkira a lokacin itace; "Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer" (ENIAC).  An ce, wannan kwamfutar ta kai nauyin tan 30, kuma tana da "vacuum tubes" marasa iska guda 18,000 waɗanda aka yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa ta. Daga Lokacin da aka kunna wannan kwamfutar a karon farko fitilu suka dushe a sassan kasar "Philadelphia".  Kwamfutocin wannan ƙarni sukan iya yin aiki ɗaya kacal kawai, kuma ba su da tsarin aiki. Wato basuda "Operating System".

Zamani na biyu: 1947 - 1962 - Wannan ƙarnin na kwamfutocin sun yi amfani da "transistors" a maimakon "Vacuum Tubes" waɗanda suka fi aminci.  A shekarar 1951 aka gabatar da komputa na farko don amfanin kasuwanci ga jama'a wato (Computer for commercial); "Universal Automatic Computer" Kwamfuta ta atomatik ta Duniya (UNIVAC 1).  A shekarar 1953 (International Business Machine) Kamfanin Kasuwancin Kasa da Kasa (IBM) mai jerin kwamfutoci mai lamba "650" da "700" ya yi fice a duniyar kwamfuta.  A wannan ƙarni na kwamfutoci sama da yaren kwamfuta wato (Programming Languages) guda 100 aka haɓaka, kwamfutoci suna da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da tsarin aiki.  Ana amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na ajiya kamar "tape",  da "Disk", firintoci (Printers) don fitar da "ouput".

Zamani na uku: 1963 - yanzu kenan - Kirkirar (integrated circuit) ne yakawo mana komputa na uku. Da wannan invention din kwamfutoci suka zama ƙananu yan daidai kuma suka fi ƙarfi da ban sha'awa kuma suna iya gudanar da (Programs) shirye-shirye daban-daban da yawa a lokaci guda.  

A shekarar 1980 aka kirkiri "Microsoft Disk Operating System" (MS-Dos) kuma a 1981 "IBM" suka gabatar da personal Computer (PC) don amfanin gida da ofis. Shekaru uku bayan haka kamfanin Apple ya fito mana da kwamfutar "Macintosh" tare da "Icon Driven Interface" nata wato hotonta a kere kuma 90s suka fito mana da "Windows Operating System".

Sakamakon ci gaba daban-daban da aka samu na ci gaban kwamfuta zamu ga ana amfani da kwamfuta a dukkan bangarorin rayuwa.  Kayan aiki ne mai matukar amfani wanda zai ci gaba da fuskantar sabon ci gaba.

Na fada maku a baya cewa kwamfuta na da sassan lantarki da na inji (Electronic and mechanical parts) waɗanda aka sani da "Hardware"

Har ila yau, "Hardware" sun haɗa da na'urorin shigarwa,(Input devices) na'urorin fitarwa,(ouput devices) sashin tsare-tsare (system unit) na'urorin adanawa(Storage Devices) da

na'urorin sadarwa.(communication Devices) Idan ba tare da wadannan abubuwan ba da ba za mu iya amfani da kwamfuta ba.